Enumerate the bones of the upper limb, shoulder girdle and the joints of the upper limb. Add a note on the elbow joint.
Bones of the upper limb
Humerus - Arm or Upper arm
Radius - Forearm
Ulna - Forearm
Carpal bones - wrist/ hand - Pisiform, Triquetral, Lunate, Scaphoid, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Proximal Row : medial to lateral : Pisiform, Triquetral, Lunate, Scaphoid
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Distal Row : Lateral to medial : Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
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Meta carpal bones 5 one for each finger - Palm
Phalanx (Phalanges) (Fingers) : 2 for thumb - Proximal & Distal
3 for each of the other four fingers - Proximal, Middle & Distal
Bones of the shoulder girdle : scapula, clavicle and humerus
Elbow Joint
Definition
It is the junction between the lower end of humerus and the upper ends of radius and ulna
It is a synovial joint
Hinge joint
Three different portions surrounded by a common joint capsule (fibrous)
Communicates with superior radio-ulnar joint
Latin word for elbow - cubitus
The part in front of the elbow joint is called cubital fossa
Three land marks : Lateral epicondyle, Medial epicondyle and the Olecranon Process of the ulna
When the elbow is flexed these three for an equilateral triangle
Synovial Membrane
Extends from the articular margins on the humerus and covers the conoid and radial fossae and the olecranon fossa posteriorly. distally it prolongs down to the neck of the radius and the superior radioulnar joint
On the humerus there are extrasynovial fat pads
Ligaments
Ulnar collateral ligament
Radial collateral ligament
Movements
Flexion
Extension
Forearm is aligned to the upper arm during flexion, but forms an angle to the upper arm during extension : called carrying angle which is more accentuated in females.
Muscles
Main flexors
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Biceps brachii
Active flexion is limited to 145°
Extensor
Triceps brachii
Blood Supply
(Cubital anastomosis)
The supplying arteries are derived fron an extensive circulatory anastomosis between the brachial artery and its terminal branches:
Profunda brachii artery
Anterior branch of profunda
Radial collateral branch of profunda
Superior ulnar collateral branch of brachial artery
Radial recurrent branch of Radial artery
Anterior ulnar recurrent branch of ulnar artery
Posterior ulnar recurrent branch of ulnar artery
Lymphatic Drainage
Epitrochlear nodes
The deep nodes at the bifurcation of the brachial artery
the efferent lymph vessels from the elbow proceed to the lateral group of axillary lymph nodes
Innervation
Musculocutaneous nerve
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Nerve to anconeus muscle from radial nerve
Articular Surfaces of the joint
It consists of two separate articulations:
Trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus
Head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus
Applied Anatomy
Tennis Elbow - overuse injury - caused by repetitive motions of the hand and forearm and from trauma to the same areas. It causes injury to the tendons that connect the extensor supinator muscles to the olecranon process
Golfer's elbow
Similar to tennis elbow. Caused by motions like a golf swing. Injury to the tendons near the medial epicondyle of the elbow
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Known as ulnar neuropathy - ulnar nerve is irritted and becomes inflamed at the site where it becomes most superficial at the elbow.
